How To Extract Natural Camphor

2023-06-16

Natural camphor: The main trees suitable for extracting natural camphor in China are:① Camphor tree. Also known as camphor, it is the most important tree for extracting camphor and camphor oil. In terms of the composition of camphor oil, it can be divided into 3 types: native camphor (mainly containing camphor), linalool (mainly containing linalool) and linalool (mainly containing eudesin and terpineol).Cinnamomumbodinieri.③ C. landuliferum.Camphor is refined from crude camphor. Crude camphor is usually processed in winter with more than 50 years old camphor tree trunk and roots as raw materials, cut into thin slices and distilled in wood retter, camphor and camphor oil with water vapor distillation, condensation of white crystals for crude camphor, oil liquid for camphor oil. The total rate is 2.0 to 2.5%. There are two methods for refining crude camphor: air sublimation and continuous fractionation sublimation. In China, air sublimation is the main method. The crude camphor is removed from oil and water by centrifuge first, then melted and sublimed in a sublimation pot, and the camphor vapor is introduced into the first sublimation chamber with the air blown into the top of the pot, and the cooling temperature is controlled to obtain powdery crystalline products. After entering the second and third sublimation chamber, due to the low control temperature, the water and oil content below the boiling point of camphor are condensed and crystallized here with a small amount of camphor vapor, which is the crude camphor product (more than 8% of the oil water) and needs to be refined by re-sublimation. Chinese natural refined camphor has two kinds of powder and block. Quality in line with national pharmacopoeia specifications: melting point 174 ~ 179℃, specific curl [a] +41° ~ +43° (20% in ethanol), non-volatile matter below 0.05%, water in line with 1 gram plus petroleum ether 10 ml clarification and dissolution.Process flow(1) Raw materials selected camphor tree trunk, root parts contain camphor and camphor oil 2%-4%, branches, leaves contain 1%-3%. The older the tree, the higher the content. Large pieces of bitter taste contains more camphor, spicy astringent taste contains more camphor oil. It is better to collect in autumn, when leaves have high brain content. When picking leaves, leave 16 leaves per tree, and it is advisable to choose trees that are more than 30 years old. The felled branches and roots should be cut into slices 2.5 cm wide, 1 cm thick and 10 cm long.(2) The cooker can not be made of iron, and it is better to make copper or stainless steel. The steam cooker is equipped with a wooden steamer with the same caliber as the pot. Put it over the pan. For processing, the leaves of camphor or camphor wood flakes are packed into the steaming bucket. The water in the pot is separated from the ingredients by 10 cm. After feeding, close the lid and charging port immediately, and then check the connection between the still and the cooler. If there is no air leakage, the distillation can start. The water level in the pan should be maintained during distillation to prevent drying out or scorching. The water separated from oil and water is used as return water and returned to the steamer for use.(3) The steam with camphor and camphor oil is separated by cooling and enters the multi-ring disc cooler through the airway, and the camphor and oil float on the water surface after condensation. The separated water should be transparent, and if it is not transparent, it should be separated again to improve the oil rate. Filter the camphor and camphor oil floating on the water with gauze. That is, crude camphor, and the remaining camphor oil contains most of the camphor, so it is called camphor oil.(4) When the camphor oil is extracted from camphor oil, the camphor oil is put into the still pot for secondary distillation, and the distilled liquid at 155-200 ° C is called white oil. The white oil was cooled and crystalline camphor was precipitated.
Is Camphor Good For You?

2023-06-16

Camphor powder has a variety of benefits, mainly antibacterial, antiviral, insecticidal, repellant, analgesic, hemostatic and other effects, is often used in the treatment of colds, eczema, burns, headaches, pharyngitis and other diseases of the drug. In addition, camphor can also reduce inflammation, cough, heat and detoxification, often used to treat cough, pneumonia, tuberculosis, oral ulcers and so on. Here are some of the common physical benefits: 1. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects: camphor powder can help relieve discomfort such as muscle pain, arthritis and rheumatism through topical use. It has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and can reduce pain and inflammation. 2. Prevent mosquito bites: camphor powder has a strong repellent effect and can be used to prevent mosquito bites. Sprinkle camphor powder on the surroundings or apply it directly to the skin to effectively repel mosquitoes. 3. Cool down: camphor powder has cooling properties and can be used in summer to help cool down. Applying camphor powder to the skin can have a cooling effect and relieve the discomfort caused by excessive body temperature. 4. Odor removal: camphor powder has a deodorizing effect and can be used to remove odors from shoes, clothing, drawers and refrigerators. Placing camphor powder in the position where it needs to remove odors can absorb odors and give off a pleasant smell. 5. Clean respiratory tract: camphor powder can be used for steam inhalation to help clean respiratory tract. Adding camphor powder to hot water to create steam and inhale slowly can relieve respiratory problems such as nasal congestion and cough. Side effects: excessive use of camphor can cause dizziness, headache, and even excessive excitement, delirium, and even epileptic convulsions, and then can cause respiratory failure leading to death, so special attention should be paid to the use of camphor under the guidance of a doctor, not unauthorized use.
硝酸の歴史硝酸は、16世紀にヨーロッパで発見された。最初は硝石（ナトリウム硝石）と硫酸の混合物から作られ、古代ローマ時代から火薬の製造に使われていた。硝酸は、18世紀にカール・ヴィルヘルム・シェーレによって鉄と硝酸の反応から発見された。彼は、物質の「気にしない」性質を発見し、それは後にアンフォルメッドガスとして知られた。 19世紀には、硝酸が、古代エジプト時代からすでに知られていた硝石から作られていることがわかり、さらなる研究が進められた。1860年代に、オットー・シェルによって窒素と酸素を原料とする方法が開発された。この方法で作られた硝酸は、紫外線ランプを使って窒素酸化物を光化学的に酸化することで生産された。硝酸は、工業的にも重要な役割を果たしており、肥料、爆薬、合成繊維、染料、薬品などの製造に利用されている。

2023-06-09

8世紀、アラビアの錬金術師ジャビル・イブン・ハイヤンが硝酸を生産する方法を発見した。これは硝酸の最古の人類記録である。13世紀には、レーモンドが硝石と硫酸鉄(Fe2(SO4)3)の乾留によって硝酸を取り出した。15世紀にはチリ硝石(NaNO3)が硫酸と反応して硝酸を生成するようになった。17世紀には、ドイツの化学者グラウバーが硝石を濃硫酸(H2SO4)と混合して曲がったフラスコで加熱し、硝石の分解によって生成した蒸気を収集して硝酸を生産するようになった。このプロセスは「複合分解法」と呼ばれている。これらのプロセスは、現在でも実験室で硝酸を少量生産するために使用されている。 16世紀には、ヨーロッパルネサンス時代に化学知識が急速に発展し、硝酸と硝酸塩が数少ない化学者によって研究された。17世紀には、スウェーデンの科学者ヨハン・バプティスト・ファン・ヘルモントが硝酸塩を研究している最中に硝酸のいくつかの性質を発見した。彼は、硝酸塩が酸性溶液と反応してガスを生成し、そのガスが燃焼をサポートできることに気付いた。 18世紀には、化学者ヨハン・ルドルフ・グラウバーとスウェーデンの化学者カール・ヴィルヘルム・シェーレがそれぞれ硝酸についてさらに研究した。シェーレは、硝酸塩から純粋な硝酸を抽出することに成功し、その腐食性と酸化力の性質を記述した。 19世紀には、電気放電による窒素と酸素の結合反応を実現することによって、ニトリックアシッドの生産の試みが行われた。しかし、本格的な生産は行われず、電気アークプロセスによるニトリックアシッドの連続生産を実現するためには、電極が安定したアークを発生させる必要があった。 20世紀には、化学工業の発展に伴い、ニトリックアシッドの生産はより大規模で産業的に行われるようになった。生産技術の改善により、ニトリックアシッドは多くの重要な化学反応や産業プロセスの原料となっている。特に、1913年にはハーバー法による合成アンモニアが生産され、アンモニアの原料ガスが豊富になり、アンモニア酸化によるニトリックアシッドの生産が産業的に可能になった。
硝酸の用途

2023-06-09

使用硝酸的用途： 1：肥料硝酸的主要工业用途是肥料生产。硝酸和氨结合后，可以制成良好的肥料，如硝酸铵。还有一种人工肥料是硝酸钙。这些肥料广泛应用于全国各地的农场。 2. 炸药硝酸用于制造许多不同种类的炸药，如硝化甘油和三硝基甘油（TNT）。这些炸药是军用级别，进行国家国防。 3: 粘合剂硝酸是食品包装和纸板中常用的胶水成分。 4: 药用纯硝酸具有腐蚀性，可用于去除疣和疮。稀释后，可用于治疗消化不良。 5. 金属净化硝酸可用于净化和清洁贵重金属，如铂、金和银。它与盐酸结合形成王水，甚至可以溶解金和铂。珠宝商通常用于纯化贵重金属。它还可以用于腐蚀金属表面，去除氧化层，清洁金属材料并准备金属盐。它还可以用于评估金属材料的耐腐蚀性，研究腐蚀机理并开发防腐涂层。 6. 染料中间体当将硝酸制成硝酸钙铵时，制造商可以用它来加工许多商业染料。 7. 雕刻当硝酸与酒精结合使用时，可用于在铜、青铜和黄铜等各种金属上蚀刻设计图案。这些常用于家居装饰。 8. 药物测试硝酸可以用于比色法测试，以检测海洛因和吗啡之间的差异。在能够识别LSD的现场测试中，它也是重要的。 9. 家具漆硝酸是家具清漆的主要成分。当彩色颜料添加到它中后，通常会用作油漆。它甚至可以使松木和枫木呈现出人造老化的外观。 10. 实验室使用硝酸是实验室操作的关键化学物质。它是需要金属分析的水样的pH缓冲剂、清洁剂和防腐剂。
新商品 - 硝酸

2023-06-09

会社の新商品が店頭に並びました。硝酸（英語名：Nitric acid）は、強い酸化剤であり、腐食性のある無機酸の一種であり、六つの無機強酸の一つです。また、重要な化学原料でもあります。化学式はHNO3で、分子量は63.01で、水溶液は一般的に硝酸塩またはアンモニア水として知られています。産業界では、化学肥料、農薬、爆薬、染料などの製造に使用されます。有機化学では、濃硝酸と濃硫酸の混合液は重要なニトレーション試薬です。危険シンボルはO（酸化剤）およびC（腐食性物質）です。硝酸の無水物は亜硝酸ペンタ酸化物（N2O5）です。純硝酸は無色透明の液体で、濃硝酸は淡黄色の液体（二酸化窒素を溶解したもの）です。通常、無色透明の液体で、窒息性の刺激臭があります。濃硝酸中の硝酸の含有量は約68％で、揮発性があり、空気中で白い霧を生じます（濃塩酸と同様）。窒化アンモニウム、硝化アンモニウム、硫酸および硫酸アンモニウムなどの無機化合物とは反応しません。水と混和します。水と共沸物を形成します。希薄な硝酸に対しては、一般的に希薄濃度の境界は6mol/Lで、市販の普通試薬級硝酸の濃度は約68％で、産業用濃硝酸の濃度は98％であり、通常の白煙硝酸の濃度は約98％です。硝酸分子は平面共有結合分子であり、中央の窒素原子はsp2ハイブリダイズされ、混合化に関与しないp軌道は、2つの末端酸素原子との3中心4電子結合を形成します。硝酸の水酸基水素は、非水酸化酸素原子との分子内水素結合を形成し、これが硫酸および塩酸よりも酸性が低く、融点および沸点が前者よりも低い主な理由です。通常、水溶液中で硝酸は完全にイオン化され、大量の水素イオンを生成します。硝酸は窒素の最高（+5）の水和物であり、非常に酸性があります。
Hydrofluoric Acid Production Technology

2023-06-01

Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless and highly corrosive inorganic acid widely used in fields such as chemistry, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and metallurgy. There are two main methods for producing hydrofluoric acid: the wet process and the dry process. Wet process for producing hydrofluoric acid:The main raw materials for the wet process are calcium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid, and the reaction can be represented by the equation: Ca(OH)2 + 2HF → CaF2 + 2H2O. This reaction is typically carried out in a reaction vessel under high temperature and high pressure conditions. Calcium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid are added to the reaction vessel, heated to the reaction temperature, and the resulting hydrofluoric acid vapor is collected after being cooled through a condenser, yielding liquid hydrofluoric acid.The advantages of the wet process include fast reaction rate and high purity of the reaction product. However, it requires high temperature and high pressure conditions, leading to higher equipment costs. Dry process for producing hydrofluoric acid: 1.Raw material preparation: The main raw materials for the dry process are hydrogen gas and fluorine gas. Hydrogen gas can be obtained through methods such as water electrolysis or catalytic cracking of natural gas. Fluorine gas is typically derived from fluorine-containing minerals. 2.Preparation of the fluorinating agent: The fluorinating agent is crucial for the production of hydrofluoric acid. Commonly used fluorinating agents include sulfuric acid and calcium fluoride (CaF2). First, sulfuric acid and calcium fluoride are mixed and reacted to generate hydrofluoric acid and precipitated calcium sulfate.CaF2 + H2SO4 -> 2 HF + CaSO4The reaction needs to be carried out at relatively low temperatures to avoid the evaporation and decomposition of hydrofluoric acid. 3.Purification of hydrofluoric acid: The generated hydrofluoric acid may contain impurities and requires purification. A commonly used purification method is to react hydrofluoric acid with concentrated sulfuric acid to remove water and other impurities, resulting in the formation of fluorosulfuric acid (HSF5).HF + H2SO4 -> HSF5 Then, through heating and distillation, pure hydrofluoric acid can be separated from the mixture.The advantages of the dry process include simpler equipment and lower costs. However, it has slower reaction rates and lower purity of the reaction product. Please note that the above is a general overview of the production processes for hydrofluoric acid. Actual production processes may vary, and specific process parameters and safety measures should be determined and followed based on practical conditions and relevant regulations. Safety considerations are crucial during the production of hydrofluoric acid, as it is highly corrosive and toxic. Operators must wear protective equipment such as goggles, gloves, and protective clothing. Regular inspection and maintenance of production equipment are also necessary to ensure safety and stability.
Development Status And Prospect Of Hydrofluoric Acid

2023-06-01

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is an inorganic acid composed of hydrogen and fluorine. Hydrofluoric acid is a dangerous chemical because of its strong corrosiveness and easy harm to human body and environment. In addition, due to the scarcity of raw material fluorite, the fluorine-containing slag in the production process is polluted and harmful to the environment, so the entry threshold of hydrofluoric acid industry is high and the production requirements are strict. It is widely used in industry in various fields, including chemical production, metal corrosion treatment, glass processing, pharmaceutical and so on. Hydrofluoric acid can be divided into industrial hydrofluoric acid and electronic hydrofluoric acid according to its purity and application. Industrial grade hydrofluoric acid is prepared from acid grade fluorite powder and sulfuric acid. Industrial grade hydrofluoric acid is strictly controlled and restricted, while electronic grade hydrofluoric acid is contrary to the trend. Regarding the development and prospects of hydrofluoric acid, the following are some important aspects: 1.Industrial applications: Hydrofluoric acid is an important catalyst and intermediate in many chemical reactions. It is used in the manufacture of fluoride compounds, such as hydrogen fluoride gases, fluorocarbons and fluoropolymers. These compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, agriculture, plastics, synthetic fibers and other fields. 2.Metal corrosion treatment: Hydrofluoric acid can be used as a metal surface treatment agent to remove oxides and contaminants, and to purify metal surfaces. It has important applications in the manufacture of electronic devices, auto parts and other metal products. 3.Glass processing: Hydrofluoric acid is widely used in the glass industry. It can corrode the surface of glass to produce glass products of different shapes and patterns, such as acid etching, carved glass and decorative glass. 4.Pharmaceutical industry: Hydrofluoric acid is used as catalyst and solvent in the pharmaceutical industry. It can facilitate the synthesis of certain drugs and is used in the preparation of fluorine-containing compounds that are essential for the activity and stability of some drugs. Regarding the prospects of hydrofluoric acid, here are some possible trends: 5.Green chemistry: As demands for environmental protection and sustainability increase, researchers are looking for green solutions to replace traditional hydrofluoric acid. There are already environmentally friendly alternatives under development, such as inorganic salt solutions and organic acids. 6.Safety improvement: Hydrofluoric acid is a strong acid that is highly corrosive and toxic. In the future, the researchers will work on improving the safety of hydrofluoric acid, finding safer alternatives or developing more effective methods of safe operation. 7.New applications: With the development of science and technology, hydrofluoric acid may find use in new applications. Electronic grade hydrofluoric acid is mainly used in integrated circuits, liquid crystal panels and solar cell production. At present, the preparation of high purity hydrofluoric acid in the world is basically made from industrial hydrofluoric acid and anhydrous hydrofluoric acid through rough distillation, rectification, absorption, condensation, membrane filtration, filling and other sections. Electronic grade hydrofluoric acid market growth is expected to accelerate in China. 2020 global electronic grade hydrofluoric acid market scale still reach 321 million dollars, to 2027 market scale is expected to reach 476 million dollars, CAGR5.80%, and 2027 China electronic grade hydrofluoric acid market will reach 100 million dollars, CAGR8.80%, Faster than the global average.
The Development Of Hydrofluoric Acid

2023-06-01

The development of hydrofluoric acid can be traced back to the early 19th century. The following are the major development milestones of hydrofluoric acid: 1771: Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovers hydrofluoric acid. He extracted hydrofluoric acid from calcium fluoride and studied its properties and reactions. 1810: French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac successfully used hydrofluoric acid to etch glass and discovered the corrosive properties of hydrofluoric acid on glass. This discovery laid the foundation for the application of glass etching and acid-etched glass. 1886: American chemist Hamilton Konich discovers the vapor pressure of hydrofluoric acid and conducts extensive research on hydrofluoric acid, including its preparation, properties and applications. In 1891, American chemist Hamilton Young Castner first prepared hydrofluoric acid, but because of its extremely corrosive and toxic, has not been widely used. In 1907, American chemists Humphrey and Moore (William J. Mooney) invented a new method to prepare hydrofluoric acid, that is, to prepare hydrofluoric acid by electrolyzing aluminum fluoride. This method greatly increased the yield and purity of hydrofluoric acid. Early 20th century: The industrial use of hydrofluoric acid begins to expand. It is widely used in metal corrosion treatment, glass processing and chemical production. At the same time, more and more attention has been paid to the safety and environmental impact of hydrofluoric acid. In 1928, DuPont began producing hydrofluoric acid under the trade name Freon. The production and application of polyfluorides have promoted the development of modern air conditioning refrigeration and fire protection systems. In the 1930s, polyfluorides began to be used in products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, car air conditioners and fire protection systems. Second half of the 20th century: As environmental and safety awareness grew, the search began for alternatives to hydrofluoric acid. Researchers have developed several alternatives, such as inorganic salt solutions and organic acids, to reduce the use and corrosiveness of hydrofluoric acid. Contemporary: As demands for green chemistry and sustainability increase, researchers continue to search for more environmentally friendly and safe alternatives to hydrofluoric acid. At the same time, the application of hydrofluoric acid is also expanding, such as in the pharmaceutical, electronic and new materials applications. In general, the development of hydrofluoric acid shows its importance in industry and scientific research. However, with the increasing requirement of environment and safety, the research and development of hydrofluoric acid substitutes are becoming more and more important.
The Difference Between Borneol And Camphor

2023-05-24

Borneol and camphor are both aromatic opening-body drugs. Although there are some similarities between the two, there are still some differences.Production process: Natural borneol is a dry crystal obtained after processing and refining the branches and leaves of camphor tree. Artificial bornol is purified from turpentine through a series of chemical processes. The effective composition of artificial bornol is less than that of natural bornol, and the yield and price are cheaper. Camphor is a granular substance distilled from the roots and branches of camphor, which is different from that of borneolBorneol is colorless transparent or white translucent flake brittle crystal. Fragrance, no camphor pungent smell. The taste is hot and cold. Camphor for snow - white crystalline powder, or colorless transparent hard block. Aromatic, with a strong and pungent smell of camphor. Spicy at first, cool at last.Borneol is more expensive and camphor is cheaper.Composition: Borneol is mainly composed of borneol, which mainly includes terpenoids such as brain fat, camphor and pine brain. Camphor powder is mainly composed of camphor, which is a single compound named pinene-2-alcohol.Efficacy: natural borneol and artificial borneol effect is the same, with the effect of opening the body and waking up the spirit, clearing heat and relieving pain, clinical mainly used for the treatment of heat and pericardium caused by delirium, loss of appetite, consciousness disorders, but also can treat Qi stagnation heart caused by chest pain, stroke phlegm, chest qi short symptoms. In addition, can also treat eye red swelling pain, oral ulcer and other diseases, external use can also play a role in eliminating skin congestion effect. Camphor has the function of detumescence and pain relief, used to treat fever dizziness, eye red swelling pain, but also can play the role of insect repellent and insecticidal antipruritic.Usage: Borneol is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, with analgesic, sedative, expectorant and other effects. It is often used in topical ointment, patch and oral medicine. Camphor powder also has many uses in medicine and daily life, such as making antiseptic, disinfectant, antipruritic ointment, cooling oil and so on. In summary, borneol and camphor powder are two different substances, although they both contain camphor components, but the source and specific chemical composition are different. In addition, their uses are different, borneol is mainly used in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, while camphor powder is widely used in many fields of medicine and daily life. So pay attention to use.
The Efficacy Of Borneol Flakes

2023-05-24

Bornol flakes is a traditional Chinese medicine, also known as bornol paste or bornol. It is usually a mixture of borneol and borneol, with special aroma and pharmacological effects. Here are some possible effects of borneol: Analgesic action: Borneol flakesis widely used as an analgesic. It reduces the sensation of pain by stimulating the central nervous system and altering nerve pathways. Sedative effect: Borneol flakes has a calming and calming effect and can help relieve problems such as anxiety, tension and insomnia. Waking up: Borneol flakes taste hard, return to the heart meridian, this product smell fragrant, spicy go channeling, avoid bad gas. Pass the nine orifices. Into the heart meridian, the heart of the Lord God, the king of the official, so it can aroma and wake up. Antipyretic action: Borneol flakes is used to lower body temperature and relieve fever symptoms. Expectorant effect: Borneol flakes is believed to have expectorant and expectorant properties in traditional Chinese medicine, which can help relieve symptoms such as cough and expectoration. Improve circulatory system: Borneol flakesis believed to promote blood circulation and improve microcirculation, reduce blood pooling and improve blood supply to local tissues. Identification and application: borneol flakes and musk, both of which are spicy, open the body and wake up the spirit, for fever dizziness, heat and stroke syndrome, the same must be used. But musk warm, its aroma go channeling force is strong, the two have a steep, slow difference. Musk also has the function of promoting blood circulation and regulating collaterals. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects: Borneol flakes is widely used in topical medicines and has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that can help treat problems such as skin infections and inflammation. Bacteriostatic test, this product can inhibit the growth of Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. It is important to note that borneol flakes is a medicinal substance and should be used according to the doctor's advice or drug instructions. Follow professional instructions for dosage and usage, and avoid excessive use. In addition, individual reactions to borneol may vary, and some people may be allergic to borneol flakes or experience side effects, so it is best to consult a doctor or pharmacist for advice before using it.

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